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The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature
The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature ((タミル語:ஐம்பெரும்காப்பியங்கள்) ''Aimperumkāppiyaṅkaḷ'') are five large narrative Tamil epics according to later Tamil literary tradition, namely ''Cilappatikāram'', ''Manimekalai'', ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'', ''Valayapathi'' and ''Kuṇṭalakēci''.〔Mukherjee 1999, p. 277〕 The first mention of the "''Aimperumkappiyam''" (lit. Five large epics) occurs in Mayilainathar's commentary of ''Nannūl''. However, Mayilainathar does not mention the names of the five epics. The names of the epics are first mentioned in the late 18th century - early 19th century work ''Thiruthanikaiula''. Earlier works like the 17th century poem ''Tamil vidu thoothu'' mention the great epics as ''Panchkavyams''.〔Zvelebil 1992, p. 73〕〔M.S. 1994, p. 115〕 Among these, the last two, namely ''Valayapathi'' and ''Kuṇṭalakēci'' are not extant.〔
These five epics were written over a period of 1st century CE to 10th century CE and act as the historical evidence of social, religious, cultural and academic life of people during the era they ere created. ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' introduced long verses called ''virutha pa'' in Tamil literature.,〔 while ''Cilappatikāram'' used ''akaval'' meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature.
==Great Epics of Tamil Literature==
According to the great Tamil commentator Atiyarkkunallar (12th-13th century BCE), poems were of two kinds - ''Col thodar nilai ceyyuḷ'' () or poems connected by virtue of their formal properties and ''Poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ'' (), or poems connected by virtue of content that forms a unity.〔Zvelebil 1974, p. 130〕〔 ''Cilappatikāram'', the Tamil epic is defined by Atiyarkkunallar as ''Iyal icai nāṭaka poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ'' (), poems connected by virtue of content that forms a unity having elements of poetry, music and drama.〔〔M.S. 1904, p. 69〕 Such stanzas are defined as ''kāvya'' and ''kappiyam'' in Tamil. In Mayilainathar's commentary (14th century CE) on the grammar ''Nannūl'', we first hear the mention of ''aimperumkappiyam'', the five great epics of Tamil literature.〔
Each one of these epics have long cantos, like in ''Cilappatikāram'', which has 30 referred as monologues sung by any character in the story or by an outsider as his own monologue often quoting the dialogues he has known or witnessed.〔Zvelebil 1974, p. 131〕 It has 25 cantos composed in ''akaval'' meter, used in most poems in Sangam literature. The alternative for this meter is called ''aicirucappu'' (verse of teachers) associated with verse composed in learned circles.〔 ''Akaval'' is a derived form of verb ''akavu'' indicating to call or beckon. ''Cilappatikāram'' is also credited to bring folk songs to literary genre, a proof of the claim that folk songs institutionalised literary culture with the best maintained cultures root back to folk origin.〔Pollock 2003, p. 295〕 ''Manimekalai'' is an epic in ''ahaval'' metre and is noted for its simple and elegant style of description of natural scenery.〔M.S. 1904, p. 68〕 ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' is one of the earliest works of Tamil literature in long verses called ''virutha pa''.〔Datta 2004, p. 720〕
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